1. Morris LD, Daniels KJ, Ganguli B, Louw QA. An update on the prevalence of low back pain in Africa: a systematic review and meta-analyses. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2018;19(1):196. [DOI:10.1186/s12891-018-2075-x] [PMID] []

2. Balagué F, Mannion AF, Pellisé F, Cedraschi C. Non-specific low back pain. Lancet (London, England). 2012;379(9814):482-91. [DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60610-7]

3. Burton AK, Tillotson KM, Main CJ, Hollis S. Psychosocial predictors of outcome in acute and subchronic low back trouble. Spine. 1995;20(6):722-8. [DOI:10.1097/00007632-199503150-00014] [PMID]

4. Truchon M. Determinants of chronic disability related to low back pain: towards an integrative biopsychosocial model. Disabil Rehabil. 2001;23(17):758-67. [DOI:10.1080/09638280110061744] [PMID]

5. Liliedahl RL, Finch MD, Axene DV, Goertz CM. Cost of care for common back pain conditions initiated with chiropractic doctor vs medical doctor/doctor of osteopathy as first physician: experience of one Tennessee-based general health insurer. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2010;33(9):640-3. [DOI:10.1016/j.jmpt.2010.08.018] [PMID]

6. Arendt-Nielsen L, Morlion B, Perrot S, Dahan A, Dickenson A, Kress HG, et al. Assessment and manifestation of central sensitisation across different chronic pain conditions. Eur J Pain. 2018;22(2):216-41. [DOI:10.1002/ejp.1140] [PMID]

7. Aoyagi K, He J, Nicol AL, Clauw DJ, Kluding PM, Jernigan S, et al. A subgroup of chronic low back pain patients with central sensitization. Clin J Pain. 2019;35(11):869-79. [DOI:10.1097/AJP.0000000000000755] [PMID] []

8. Akeda K, Takegami N, Yamada J, Fujiwara T, Nishimura A, Sudo A. Central sensitization in chronic low back pain: A population-based study of a Japanese mountain village. J pain res. 2021; 14:1271-1280. [DOI:10.2147/JPR.S301924] [PMID] []

9. Miki T, Nishigami T, Takebayashi T, Yamauchi T. Association between central sensitivity syndrome and psychological factors in people with presurgical low back pain: A cross-sectional study. J Orthop Sci. 2021;26(3):337-342. [DOI:10.1016/j.jos.2020.03.017] [PMID]

10. Nijs J, Leysen L, Vanlauwe J, Logghe T, Ickmans K, Polli A, et al. Treatment of central sensitization in patients with chronic pain: time for change? Expert opin pharmacother. 2019;20(16):1961-70. [DOI:10.1080/14656566.2019.1647166] [PMID]

11. Bennett RM, Goldenberg DL. Fibromyalgia, myofascial pain, tender points and trigger points: splitting or lumping? Arthritis Res Ther. 2011;13(3):117-. [DOI:10.1186/ar3357] [PMID] []

12. Dommerholt J, Hooks T, Finnegan M, Grieve R. A critical overview of the current myofascial pain literature - March 2016. J Bodyw Mov Ther. 2016;20(2):397-408. [DOI:10.1016/j.jbmt.2016.02.015] [PMID]

13. Dommerholt J. Dry needling - peripheral and central considerations. J Man Manip Ther. 2011;19(4):223-7. [DOI:10.1179/106698111X13129729552065] [PMID] []

14. Yassin M AA. Physical therapy for common musculoskeletal disorder. 1st ed. Tehran: Adiban, 2009: 54-61. [Full text in Persian]

15. Yassin M AA. Physical Therapy for Musculoskeletal Disorders of the Spine. 1st ed. Tehran: Setayeshe Hasti, 2012:134-139. [Full text in Persian]

16. Yassin M, Ebrahimi Takamjani I, Talebian S, Maroufi N, Sarrafzadeh J, Ahmadi A, et al. Preparatory brain activity and anticipatory postural control in cervical myofascial trigger point. J Mod Rehabil. 2022; 16(3):261-270. [Full text in Persian] [DOI:10.18502/jmr.v16i3.10150]

17. Yassin M, Talebian S, Ebrahimi Takamjani I, Maroufi N, Ahmadi A, Sarrafzadeh J, et al. The effects of arm movement on reaction time in patients with latent and active upper trapezius myofascial trigger point. Med J Islam Repub Iran. 2015;29:295

18. Bourgaize S, Newton G, Kumbhare D, Srbely J. A comparison of the clinical manifestation and pathophysiology of myofascial pain syndrome and fibromyalgia: implications for differential diagnosis and management. J Can Chiropr Assoc. 2018;62(1):26-41.

19. Ge HY, Arendt-Nielsen L. Latent myofascial trigger points. Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2011;15(5):386-92. [DOI:10.1007/s11916-011-0210-6] [PMID]

20. Parandnia A, Yassin M, Sarrafzadeh J, Salehi R, Navaei F. Comparison of the effects of dry needling and Hhigh-intensity Laser therapy on pain intensity and pain pressure threshold in females with active trigger points in upper trapezius muscle: A single-blind randomized clinical trial. Func Disabil J. 2020;3(1):111-22. [Full text in Persian]

21. Ge H-Y, Fernández-de-Las-Peñas C, Yue S-W. Myofascial trigger points: spontaneous electrical activity and its consequences for pain induction and propagation. Chin Med. 2011;6:13. [DOI:10.1186/1749-8546-6-13] [PMID] []

22. Mikkelsson M, Latikka P, Kautiainen H, Isomeri R, Isomäki H. Muscle and bone pressure pain threshold and pain tolerance in fibromyalgia patients and controls. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1992;73(9):814-8.

23. Martín-Corrales C, Bautista IV, Méndez-Mera JE, Fernández-Matías R, Achalandabaso-Ochoa A, Gallego-Izquierdo T, et al. Benefits of adding gluteal dry needling to a four-week physical exercise program in a chronic low back pain population. A randomized clinical trial. Pain medicine (Malden, Mass). 2020;21(11):2948-57. [DOI:10.1093/pm/pnaa279] [PMID]

24. Castro-Sánchez AM, Garcia-López H, Fernández-Sánchez M, Perez-Marmol JM, Leonard G, Gaudreault N, et al. Benefits of dry needling of myofascial trigger points on autonomic function and photoelectric plethysmography in patients with fibromyalgia syndrome. Acupunct Med. 2020;38(3):140-149. [DOI:10.1136/acupmed-2017-011504] [PMID]

25. Alahmari KA, Rengaramanujam K, Reddy RS, Samuel PS, Tedla JS, Kakaraparthi VN, et al. The immediate and short-term effects of dynamic taping on pain, endurance, disability, mobility and kinesiophobia in individuals with chronic non-specific low back pain: A randomized controlled trial. PloS one. 2020;15(9):e0239505. [DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0239505] [PMID] []

26. Wang-Price S, Zafereo J, Couch Z, Brizzolara K, Heins T, Smith L. Short-term effects of two deep dry needling techniques on pressure pain thresholds and electromyographic amplitude of the lumbosacral multifidus in patients with low back pain - a randomized clinical trial. J Man Manip Ther. 2020;28(5):254-65. [DOI:10.1080/10669817.2020.1714165] [PMID] []

27. Bachmann S, Colla F, Grobli C, Mungo G, Grobli L, et al. Swiss Guidelines for safe Dry Needling. Internist and rheumatologist. 2014.

28. Aoyagi K, Sharma NK. Correlation between central sensitization and remote muscle performance in individuals with chronic low back pain. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2021;44(1):14-24. [DOI:10.1016/j.jmpt.2020.07.008] [PMID]

29. Griswold D, Gargano F, Learman KE. A randomized clinical trial comparing non-thrust manipulation with segmental and distal dry needling on pain, disability, and rate of recovery for patients with non-specific low back pain. J Man Manip Ther. 2019;27(3):141-51. [DOI:10.1080/10669817.2019.1574389] [PMID] []

30. Maher C, Underwood M, Buchbinder R. Non-specific low back pain. Lancet (London, England). 2017;389(10070):736-47. [DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30970-9]

31. Rodine R. Trigger point dry needling: an evidenced and clinical-based approach. J Can Chiropr Assoc. 2015:59(1):84.

32. Delgado DA, Lambert BS, Boutris N, McCulloch PC, Robbins AB, Moreno MR, et al. Validation of digital visual analog scale pain scoring with a traditional paper-based visual analog scale in adults. J Am Acad Orthop Surg Glob Res Rev. 2018;2(3):e088. [DOI:10.5435/JAAOSGlobal-D-17-00088] [PMID] []

33. Navaee F, Yassin M, Sarrafzade J, Salehi R, Parandnia A, Ebrahimi Z. Effects of dry needling of the upper trapezius active trigger points on pain and pain pressure threshold in women with chronic non-specific neck pain. Func Disabil J. 2021;4(1):0-.[Full text in Persian] [DOI:10.32598/fdj.4.29]

34. Sarrafzadeh J, Ahmadi A, Yassin M. The effects of pressure release, phonophoresis of hydrocortisone, and ultrasound on upper trapezius latent myofascial trigger point. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2012;93(1):72-7. [Full text in Persian] [DOI:10.1016/j.apmr.2011.08.001] [PMID]

35. Kinser AM, Sands WA, Stone MH. Reliability and validity of a pressure algometer. J Strength Cond Res. 2009;23(1):312-4. [DOI:10.1519/JSC.0b013e31818f051c] [PMID]

36. Kang S-Y, Choung S-D, Jeon H-S. Characteristics of leg and ankle in taxi drivers. Phys Ther Korea. 2014;21:55-62. [DOI:10.12674/ptk.2014.21.1.055]

37. Shah JP, Thaker N, Heimur J, Aredo JV, Shikdar S, Gerber L. Myofascial trigger points then and now: a historical and scientific perspective. Phys Med Rehab. 2015;7(7):746-61. [DOI:10.1016/j.pmrj.2015.01.024] [PMID] []

38. Dommerholt J, Fernandez-de-las-Penas C. Trigger Point Dry Needling: An Evidence and Clinical-Based Approach. 2nd ed. Berthesda: Elsevier, 2018: 234-47.

39. Dommerholt J. Dry needling - peripheral and central considerations. J Man Manip Ther. 2011;19(4):223-7. [DOI:10.1179/106698111X13129729552065] [PMID] []

40. Cagnie B, Dewitte V, Barbe T, Timmermans F, Delrue N, Meeus M. Physiologic effects of dry needling. Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2013;17(8):348. [DOI:10.1007/s11916-013-0348-5] [PMID]

41. Koppenhaver SL, Walker MJ, Su J, McGowen JM, Umlauf L, Harris KD, et al. Changes in lumbar multifidus muscle function and nociceptive sensitivity in low back pain patient responders versus non-responders after dry needling treatment. Man Ther. 2015;20(6):769-76. [DOI:10.1016/j.math.2015.03.003] [PMID]

42. Cao J, Tu Y, Orr SP, Lang C, Park J, Vangel M, et al. Analgesic effects evoked by real and imagined acupuncture: A neuroimaging study. Cereb Cortex. 2019;29(8):3220-3231. [DOI:10.1093/cercor/bhy190] [PMID] []

43. Baeumler PI, Fleckenstein J, Takayama S, Simang M, Seki T, Irnich D. Effects of acupuncture on sensory perception: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PloS one. 2014;9(12):e113731. [DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0113731] [PMID] []

44. Clark NG, Hill CJ, Koppenhaver SL, Massie T, Cleland JA. The effects of dry needling to the thoracolumbar junction multifidi on measures of regional and remote flexibility and pain sensitivity: A randomized controlled trial. Musculoskelet Sci Pract. 2021;53:102366. [DOI:10.1016/j.msksp.2021.102366] [PMID]

45. Salom-Moreno J, Sánchez-Mila Z, Ortega-Santiago R, Palacios-Ceña M, Truyol-Domínguez S, Fernández-de-las-Peñas C. Changes in spasticity, widespread pressure pain sensitivity, and baropodometry after the application of dry needling in patients who have had a stroke: a randomized controlled trial. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2014;37(8):569-79. [DOI:10.1016/j.jmpt.2014.06.003] [PMID]

46. Mejuto-Vázquez MJ, Salom-Moreno J, Ortega-Santiago R, Truyols-Domínguez S, Fernández-de-Las-Peñas C. Short-term changes in neck pain, widespread pressure pain sensitivity, and cervical range of motion after the application of trigger point dry needling in patients with acute mechanical neck pain: a randomized clinical trial. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2014;44(4):252-60. [DOI:10.2519/jospt.2014.5108] [PMID]

47. Ebrahimi Takamjani E, Yassin M, Talebian S, Maroufi N, Srrafzadeh J, Ahmadi A. Muscles recruitment pattern in people with and without active upper trapezius myofascial trigger points in the standing posture. Middle East J Rehabil Health Stud. 2018;5(4):e83328. [DOI:10.5812/mejrh.83328]